Plosives
The voiceless plosives /p/ and / t/ and [k] are unaspirated. All plosives are unreleased in syllable-final position.
The voiced bilabial stop /b/ is realized as [hʷ] in syllable-initial position, e.g. [ˈhʷahʷa] ‘tooth’, [ˈhʷuɾot˺] ‘cloud’. One exception is [hʷub˺uˈð̝un] ‘friend’, which contrasts with [hʷuhʷuˈð̝un] ‘companions’.
The voiced dental stop /d/ is realized as [ʧ] in syllable-initial position, e.g. [ˈʧað̝a] ‘blood’. One exception is [maˈd˺an] ‘old woman’.
The voice velar stop /ɡ/ is realized as [k] in syllable-initial position, e.g. [ˈkaɾas] ‘appetite’.
Approximants
In initial syllable position /j/ is realized as [dZ], e.g. [ˈʤadZa] 'cicada'. /w/ is realized as [ɡʷ] e.g. [ˈɡʷasaj] ‘axe’. One exception is [ˈhowan] ‘sneeze’.
Nasals
In intervocalic position the nasal /m/ is realized as [ß] e.g. [ˈʔaßa] ‘father’,
/n/ is realized as [ɾ] e.g. [kaˈɾas] and /ŋ/ is realized [ɣ] e.g. [liˈɣot˺] ‘perspiration’.
Lateral approximant
The alveolar lateral approximant /l/ occurs in syllable-initial position when contiguous to a preceding coronal consonants, in geminate clusters, and when contiguous to /i/. When it occurs intervocalically not adjacent to the vowel /i/ it is [ð̝]. [ð̝] fluctuates freely with [l] in word-initial position e.g. [Èð̝aɣit˺] ~ [Èlaɣit˺] ‘sky’. The younger generation would usually use [l] in word-initial position. /l/ is also realized as [ɻ] when occurring syllable coda following /a/ or /o/ e.g. [pu
Plosives
The voiceless plosives /p/ and / t/ and [k] are unaspirated. All plosives are unreleased in syllable-final position.
The voiced bilabial stop /b/ is realized as [hʷ] in syllable-initial position, e.g. [ˈhʷahʷa] ‘tooth’, [ˈhʷuɾot˺] ‘cloud’. One exception is [hʷub˺uˈð̝un] ‘friend’, which contrasts with [hʷuhʷuˈð̝un] ‘companions’.
The voiced dental stop /d/ is realized as [ʧ] in syllable-initial position, e.g. [ˈʧað̝a] ‘blood’. One exception is [maˈd˺an] ‘old woman’.
The voice velar stop /ɡ/ is realized as [k] in syllable-initial position, e.g. [ˈkaɾas] ‘appetite’.
Approximants
In initial syllable position /j/ is realized as [dZ], e.g. [ˈʤadZa] 'cicada'. /w/ is realized as [ɡʷ] e.g. [ˈɡʷasaj] ‘axe’. One exception is [ˈhowan] ‘sneeze’.
Nasals
In intervocalic position the nasal /m/ is realized as [ß] e.g. [ˈʔaßa] ‘father’,
/n/ is realized as [ɾ] e.g. [kaˈɾas] and /ŋ/ is realized [ɣ] e.g. [liˈɣot˺] ‘perspiration’.
Lateral approximant
The alveolar lateral approximant /l/ occurs in syllable-initial position when contiguous to a preceding coronal consonants, in geminate clusters, and when contiguous to /i/. When it occurs intervocalically not adjacent to the vowel /i/ it is [ð̝]. [ð̝] fluctuates freely with [l] in word-initial position e.g. [Èð̝aɣit˺] ~ [Èlaɣit˺] ‘sky’. The younger generation would usually use [l] in word-initial position. /l/ is also realized as [ɻ] when occurring syllable coda following /a/ or /o/ e.g. [pu
Plosives
The voiceless plosives /p/ and / t/ and [k] are unaspirated. All plosives are unreleased in syllable-final position.
The voiced bilabial stop /b/ is realized as [hʷ] in syllable-initial position, e.g. [ˈhʷahʷa] ‘tooth’, [ˈhʷuɾot˺] ‘cloud’. One exception is [hʷub˺uˈð̝un] ‘friend’, which contrasts with [hʷuhʷuˈð̝un] ‘companions’.
The voiced dental stop /d/ is realized as [ʧ] in syllable-initial position, e.g. [ˈʧað̝a] ‘blood’. One exception is [maˈd˺an] ‘old woman’.
The voice velar stop /ɡ/ is realized as [k] in syllable-initial position, e.g. [ˈkaɾas] ‘appetite’.
Approximants
In initial syllable position /j/ is realized as [ʤ], e.g. [ˈʤaʤa] 'cicada'. /w/ is realized as [ɡʷ] e.g. [ˈɡʷasaj] ‘axe’. One exception is [ˈhowan] ‘sneeze’.
Nasals
In intervocalic position the nasal /m/ is realized as [ß] e.g. [ˈʔaßa] ‘father’,
/n/ is realized as [ɾ] e.g. [kaˈɾas] and /ŋ/ is realized [ɣ] e.g. [liˈɣot˺] ‘perspiration’.
Lateral approximant
The alveolar lateral approximant /l/ occurs in syllable-initial position when contiguous to a preceding coronal consonants, in geminate clusters, and when contiguous to /i/. When it occurs intervocalically not adjacent to the vowel /i/ it is [ð̝]. [ð̝] fluctuates freely with [l] in word-initial position e.g. [ˈð̝aɣit˺] ~ [ˈlaɣit˺] ‘sky’. The younger generation would usually use [l] in word-initial position. /l/ is also realized as [ɻ] when occurring syllable coda following /a/ or /o/ e.g. [puˈɾoɻ] ‘stout’. A sequence /a/ followed by /l/ is realized as a syllabic [ɚ] e.g. /tupal/ → [tuˈpɚ] ‘to throw’ɾoɻ] ‘stout’. A sequence /a/ followed by /l/ is realized as a syllabic [ɚ] e.g. /tupal/ → [tuˈpɚ] ‘to throw’ɾoɻ] ‘stout’. A sequence /a/ followed by /l/ is realized as a syllabic [ɚ] e.g. /tupal/ → [tuˈpɚ] ‘to throw’
